karabiner

Karabiner-Elements configuration skill

Overview

Manage Karabiner-Elements configuration for macOS keyboard customization including key remapping, complex modifications, and profile management.

Configuration locations

• Config file: ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json
• CLI tool: /Library/Application Support/org.pqrs/Karabiner-Elements/bin/karabiner_cli
• Assets: ~/.config/karabiner/assets/complex_modifications/

Current configuration

Complex modifications (internal keyboard only)

• caps lock → left control: Caps lock acts as control
• right command → hyper: Right command acts as cmd+shift+ctrl+opt
• right option → meh: Right option acts as shift+ctrl+opt

All modifications are limited to the internal MacBook keyboard using device_if conditions with is_built_in_keyboard: true.

CLI operations

Profile management

karabiner_cli --select-profile 'Default profile'
karabiner_cli --show-current-profile-name
karabiner_cli --list-profile-names

Device inspection

List connected devices:

karabiner_cli --list-connected-devices

Returns JSON with device information:

• device_id: unique device identifier
• device_identifiers: keyboard/pointing device flags, vendor/product IDs
• is_built_in_keyboard/is_built_in_pointing_device: built-in device flags
• manufacturer, product: device name and manufacturer
• transport: connection type (USB, Bluetooth, FIFO, Audio)

Useful for finding vendor_id and product_id for device-specific mappings.

List system variables:

karabiner_cli --list-system-variables

Shows current system state variables:

• system.now.milliseconds: current timestamp
• system.scroll_direction_is_natural: natural scrolling enabled
• system.use_fkeys_as_standard_function_keys: function key behavior
• system.temporarily_ignore_all_devices: temporary disable flag

Variable management

Set variables for complex modifications:

karabiner_cli --set-variables '{"cli_flag1":1, "cli_flag2":2}'

Use --silent flag to suppress output.

Development tools

Run JavaScript files:

karabiner_cli --eval-js path/to/script.js

Executes JavaScript using Duktape engine. Useful for generating or manipulating complex modifications programmatically.

Lint configuration:

karabiner_cli --lint-complex-modifications ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json

Format JSON:

karabiner_cli --format-json ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json

System operations

Copy profile to system default (requires admin):

sudo karabiner_cli --copy-current-profile-to-system-default-profile

Remove system default profile:

sudo karabiner_cli --remove-system-default-profile

Version info

karabiner_cli --version
karabiner_cli --version-number

Configuration structure

Profile format

{
  "profiles": [
    {
      "name": "Default profile",
      "selected": true,
      "complex_modifications": { "rules": [...] },
      "devices": [...],
      "simple_modifications": [...],
      "virtual_hid_keyboard": { "keyboard_type_v2": "ansi" }
    }
  ]
}

Complex modification rule

{
  "description": "Description of the rule",
  "manipulators": [
    {
      "type": "basic",
      "from": {
        "key_code": "h",
        "modifiers": { "mandatory": ["left_option"] }
      },
      "to": { "key_code": "left_arrow" }
    }
  ]
}

Advanced manipulator features

Tap vs hold:

{
  "from": { "key_code": "return_or_enter" },
  "to_if_alone": [{ "key_code": "return_or_enter" }],
  "to_if_held_down": [{
    "key_code": "left_shift",
    "modifiers": ["right_shift", "left_control", "left_option"]
  }],
  "parameters": {
    "basic.to_if_held_down_threshold_milliseconds": 200
  }
}

Delayed actions:

{
  "to_delayed_action": {
    "to_if_canceled": [{ "key_code": "return_or_enter" }]
  },
  "parameters": {
    "basic.to_delayed_action_delay_milliseconds": 200
  }
}

Device-specific mappings

{
  "identifiers": {
    "is_keyboard": true,
    "product_id": 834,
    "vendor_id": 1452
  },
  "simple_modifications": [
    {
      "from": { "key_code": "fn" },
      "to": [{ "key_code": "escape" }]
    }
  ]
}

Special device options:

• ignore: true - ignore this device
• disable_built_in_keyboard_if_exists: true - disable built-in when this device connected
• treat_as_built_in_keyboard: true - treat as built-in keyboard
• manipulate_caps_lock_led: false - don't manipulate caps lock LED

Common key codes

Modifiers

• left_command, right_command
• left_control, right_control
• left_shift, right_shift
• left_option, right_option
• caps_lock, fn

Special keys

• return_or_enter, escape, delete_or_backspace
• tab, spacebar
• up_arrow, down_arrow, left_arrow, right_arrow
• page_up, page_down, home, end

Modifier specifications

{
  "modifiers": {
    "mandatory": ["left_option"],
    "optional": ["caps_lock", "any"]
  }
}

Common patterns

Simple key remap

{
  "description": "caps lock to escape",
  "manipulators": [{
    "type": "basic",
    "from": { "key_code": "caps_lock" },
    "to": [{ "key_code": "escape" }]
  }]
}

Modifier + key to key

{
  "description": "opt+h to left arrow",
  "manipulators": [{
    "type": "basic",
    "from": {
      "key_code": "h",
      "modifiers": { "mandatory": ["left_option"] }
    },
    "to": [{ "key_code": "left_arrow" }]
  }]
}

Hyper key (tap for key, hold for modifier)

{
  "description": "return to hyper when held",
  "manipulators": [{
    "type": "basic",
    "from": { "key_code": "return_or_enter" },
    "to_if_alone": [{ "key_code": "return_or_enter" }],
    "to_if_held_down": [{
      "key_code": "left_shift",
      "modifiers": ["right_shift", "left_control", "left_option"],
      "repeat": false
    }],
    "parameters": {
      "basic.to_if_held_down_threshold_milliseconds": 200
    }
  }]
}

Working with configuration

Validate changes

After editing karabiner.json:

1. Karabiner-Elements automatically reloads on file change
2. Check EventViewer to verify key mappings work
3. Use karabiner_cli --lint-complex-modifications to validate

Adding new rules

1. Edit ~/.config/karabiner/karabiner.json
2. Add new rule to profiles[0].complex_modifications.rules
3. Save file (auto-reload triggers)
4. Test in EventViewer

Testing key codes

1. Open Karabiner-Elements > Misc > Launch EventViewer
2. Press keys to see their key codes
3. Use codes in configuration

Device condition patterns

Limiting rules to built-in keyboard

{
  "conditions": [
    {
      "identifiers": [
        {
          "is_built_in_keyboard": true
        }
      ],
      "type": "device_if"
    }
  ]
}

Use device_if conditions to limit modifications to specific devices. The is_built_in_keyboard flag targets only the internal MacBook keyboard, ignoring all external keyboards.

Other device condition options

• is_built_in_keyboard: Internal MacBook keyboard
• is_pointing_device: Trackpads and mice
• vendor_id + product_id: Specific device by identifiers
• device_unless: Inverse condition (apply to all except specified devices)

Integration with other tools

Hammerspoon relationship

• Karabiner: Low-level key remapping at OS level
• Hammerspoon: High-level automation and app control
• Use Karabiner for modifier/key remaps, Hammerspoon for actions

Current setup:

• Karabiner creates hyper and meh modifiers from right command/option
• Hammerspoon can bind hyper/meh keys to app launches and window management

Troubleshooting

Changes not taking effect

1. Check JSON syntax is valid
2. Ensure Karabiner-Elements is running
3. Check Security & Privacy settings allow Karabiner
4. Restart Karabiner-Elements: killall Karabiner-Elements && open -a Karabiner-Elements

Device not recognized

1. Check identifiers match in EventViewer
2. Verify is_keyboard: true is set
3. Try unplugging and reconnecting device

Complex modification not working

1. Test key codes in EventViewer
2. Check modifier combinations are correct
3. Verify no conflicting rules exist
4. Check rule order (first matching rule wins)

Profile issues

karabiner_cli --list-profile-names
karabiner_cli --show-current-profile-name
karabiner_cli --select-profile 'ProfileName'

Resources

• Karabiner-Elements docs: https://karabiner-elements.pqrs.org/docs/
• Complex modifications gallery: https://ke-complex-modifications.pqrs.org/
• EventViewer: Karabiner-Elements > Misc > Launch EventViewer